The major transformation product in soil, sediments and water is aminomethylphosphonic acid AMPA which typically shows a pattern of transient increase as it is formed through the glyphosate degradation process and then declines as the degradation product itself begins to degrade. This pattern typically results in AMPA residues persisting longer in soils and sediments than glyphosate itself.
Glyphosate is readily metabolized by soil bacteria and many species of soil microorganisms can use glyphosate as sole carbon source Durkin In soils, water and sediments, glyphosate is degraded primarily by microbial organisms to form the primary degradation product amino methyl phosphonic acid AMPA and subsequently to carbon dioxide and simple inorganic compounds, therefore it does not persist Torstensson In general soils which are warm, moist and rich in organic matter show the most rapid degradation, largely because these conditions are conducive to higher microbial populations and activity.
In a forestry study conducted in New Brunswick, Thompson et al. A recent study conducted in Alaska Newton et al. In aquatic systems, glyphosate is degraded by microorganisms and attenuated from the water column by sorption to bottom sediments and in moving waters by dilution. Legris and Couture ; Couture et al. In moving water systems, glyphosate dissipates rapidly and typically reaches non-detectable levels within 1- 4 days Feng et al.
In both standing and running waters, bottom sediments tend to be a primary sink for glyphosate residues where they typically show a transient peak as residues partition or carried down into the sediments and then declining levels thereafter Goldsborough and Brown ; Feng et al. In a British Columbia forestry study, Feng and Thompson showed residues of the primary degradation product AMPA in leaf litter dissipate readily with time post-application and were at or below limits of detection within 29 days.
Portier, C. Community Health , 70 8 , — De Roos, A. Cancer incidence among glyphosate-exposed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study.
Rodwell, D. Teratology study in rats. Unpublished report no. Moxon, M. Glophosate acid: multigeneration reproduction toxicity in rats. Arbuckle, T. An exploratory analysis of the effect of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm population. Brewster, D. Metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats: Tissue distribution, identification, and quantification of glyphosate-derived materials following a single oral dose.
Wester, R. Glyphosate skin binding, absorption, residual tissue distribution, and skin decontamination. Monsanto Corporation. The metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague Dawley rats- Part I. Excretion and tissue distribution of glyphosate and its metabolites following intravenous and oral administration. Louis, Missouri. Bodden, R. Unpublished report, , cited in Williams, G. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate for humans.
Hori, Y. Determination of the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite in biological specimens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A case of poisoning by roundup herbicide. Ridley, W. The metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Part I. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company. Howe, R. Metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Part II: Identification, characterization, and quantitation of glyphosate and its metabolites after intravenous and oral administration. Glyphosate levels in acute Roundup herbicide poisoning. Aprea, C. Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure: a review of analytical methods. B Analyt. Life Sci. Motojyuku, M. Determination of glyphosate, glyphosate metabolites, and glufosinate in human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectometry.
B , , Sato, K. Biagini, R. Development of a sensitivity enhanced multiplexed fluorescence covalent microbead immunosorbent assay FCMIA for the measurement of glyphosate, atrazine and metolachlor mercapturate in water and urine. Curwin, B. Glyphosate was first registered for use in the U. Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States.
People apply it in agriculture and forestry, on lawns and gardens, and for weeds in industrial areas. Some products containing glyphosate control aquatic plants. Glyphosate comes in many forms, including an acid and several salts. These can be either solids or an amber-colored liquid. There are over products containing glyphosate for sale in the United States. Always follow label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure.
If any exposures occur, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully. For additional treatment advice, contact the Poison Control Center at If you wish to discuss a pesticide problem, please call Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide, meaning it will kill most plants.
It prevents the plants from making certain proteins that are needed for plant growth. Glyphosate stops a specific enzyme pathway, the shikimic acid pathway. The shikimic acid pathway is necessary for plants and some microorganisms. You can be exposed to glyphosate if you get it on your skin, in your eyes or breathe it in when you are using it. You might swallow some glyphosate if you eat or smoke after applying it without washing your hands first. Daphnia magna , showing fluorescently labelled food it has consumed PETER ROSLEV To makes matters more complicated, there are many different commercial formulations, which can differ by company, country of purchase, agricultural use or home use, or even by the batch.
What concerns Roslev about glyphosate is its effect on a small yet important organism, the water flea Daphnia magna. Glyphosate can bind to soil particles in the environment, which can get into the watershed during heavy rainfalls and reach the freshwater environments that Daphnia call home.
When exposed to glyphosate alone, the swimming behavior of Daphnia will change, becoming slower. In a study in , he showed that glyphosate can bind to toxic metals, resulting in a new combined compound that is transported more easily in the environment, he explains, and is also more toxic than glyphosate itself.
If altered behavior makes the animals more or less vulnerable to predation, the effects could cascade through the ecosystem as many other life forms live off Daphnia. Nevertheless, there are concerns about how much glyphosate we might be eating.
Some crops have been genetically modified to be tolerant to glyphosate and therefore are sprayed to eliminate weeds growing in their midst. Such exposure is potentially deleterious.
A recent EPA assessment of human health risks determined that glyphosate does not bio-accumulate after oral exposure. You would see the same thing with dish detergent, you would see it with hand soap.
0コメント